![]() Goldberg, Ellen, 1954– BL1171.G87 2013 294.5’4360922-dc23 2013035325 9780199938704 9780199938728 (pbk.)ġ 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paperĬontributors vii Note on Transliteration xii Introduction 1 Ellen Goldberg and Mark Singleton PART ONE: Key Figures in Early Twentieth-Century Yoga 1. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gurus of modern yoga / edited by Mark Singleton, Ellen Goldberg. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. © Oxford University Press 2014 All rights reserved. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. ![]() It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. For example, expert philosophers’ intuitions are sometimes biased by heritable personality traits.Edited by Mark Singleton and Ellen Goldbergġ Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Those experts who do not show expert performance have been found to have intuitions that are poorly calibrated, unreliable, and may be biased by irrelevant factors. Failure to achieve expert performance typically reflects some combination of insufficient deliberate practice, inefficient or unreliable feedback, or limits of neurology and physiology. Some experts simply don’t show superior and reproducible performance in essential representative tasks (e.g., wine tasters, financial analysts, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, physicians, musicians, and others). However, not all practice is the same and experience alone does not guarantee expert performance. Research further shows the superior intuitions of the expert performers are alwaysdeveloped via extensive deliberate practice, with the most elite expert performers requiring at least 10 years or roughly 10,000 hours of deliberate practice (Chase & Simon, 1973 Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Römer, 1993). To a great extent, the superior judgment and decision making of expert performers follows from differences in their intuitions, which can be refined and deliberated on as needed during decision making (e.g., in non-routine situations). In the last 50 years, superior and reproducible expert performance has been observed in many domains (e.g., chess, medicine, piloting, sport, acting, ballet, driving, software design, mathematics, memory, bridge, history, science, writing, policing, composing, and many others Ericsson, Charness, Feltovich, & Hoffman, 2006 Ericsson, Prietula, & Cokely, 2007). Across these examples and many others, research shows that the intuitions of verifiable expert performers tend to be highly accurate, well calibrated, and powerful. Emergency responders’ intuitions help contain unpredictable wildfires and violent criminals. Athletes’ intuitions allow them to outmaneuver highly trained competitors. Expert Intuition Physicians’ intuitions reveal diseases and guide treatments.
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